~10 AH (c. 632 CE) · 10 AH
In brief
During the Farewell Hajj the Prophet ﷺ gave several sermons at Mina, and on the Day of Sacrifice he used them to restore the calendar and to declare the sanctity of every Muslim's life. He announced that the year had returned to its rightful order of twelve months, four of them sacred, because that year the Quraysh's old habit of swapping the sacred months around to suit their wars had not disturbed it, and he told the people to keep it that way. He then asked the crowd what month, city and day it was, pausing each time as if he might answer differently, before confirming the sacred month, the sacred city and the Day of Sacrifice, and declared that their lives, wealth and honour were exactly as sacred as those. He warned them not to return to disbelief by killing one another, and asked those present to carry his words to those absent. Other sayings from these sermons define the true Muslim, believer, emigrant and striver, and declare that all people share one Lord and one father, Adam, with no superiority of Arab over non-Arab except by piety. As he repeatedly asked Allah to bear witness, the pilgrimage received the name by which it is known: Hajjat al-Wada', the Farewell Hajj.
From that year on, the Hijri months have kept their correct order. These Mina sermons, together with the Sermon of Arafah, are the source of some of the most often quoted hadith in Islam. They include the sanctity of Muslim life, the definitions of the Muslim, the Mu'min, the muhajir and the mujahid, the pillars of Islam as the path to Jannah, and the equality of all people regardless of race.
Other events recorded in 10 AH. Their order within the year is not established; use the storyline above for the sequence.
This year, the months have fallen in order the way that they were when Allah created the heavens and the earth.
Said during the Farewell Pilgrimage, marking the end of the Quraysh's long-standing practice of al-Nasi, swapping the sacred months out of order to suit their own interests.
From now on, no swapping.
Verily, your lives, money, and honor are haram upon you, just as sacred as this month is upon you, this place is upon you, and this day is upon you.
Woe to you. Do not return to being kuffar, killing one another.
Let the one who is present go and inform the one who is absent, for those who are absent might understand what I have said better than the present audience.
Shaytan has given up hope of being worshiped in this peninsula, but he is hopeful in you obeying him in matters that you consider trivial. What he is hoping for is to rile you up so that you fight one another.
What month is this? ... Isn't this the month of Dhu al-Hijjah? What city is this? ... Isn't this al-Baldah (Makkah)? What day is this? ... Isn't this Yawm al-Nahr?
Each time, the people answered, "Allah and His Messenger know best," and he paused as if he might give it another name before confirming it himself.
Fear Allah, pray your five prayers, fast your month of Ramadan, give your zakat, and obey your rulers, and you shall enter the Jannah of your Lord.
O people, your Lord is one, and your father Adam is one. There is no superiority of an Arab over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab over an Arab, and neither white skin over black skin, nor black skin over white skin, except by taqwa.
This is the Day of al-Hajj al-Akbar. Allahumma fashhad. Allahumma fashhad. Allahumma fashhad. (O Allah, bear witness.)
Said while bidding farewell to the people on Yawm al-Nahr; Ibn Umar RA, who preserved this account, later said the people did not yet understand he was bidding them farewell for good, and it was from this that they began calling this Hajj the Farewell Hajj even in his own lifetime.
The Muslim is the one from whose hands and tongue other Muslims are safe. And the Mu'min is the one whom the people trust with their money and property. And the muhajir is the one who has left the sins. And the mujahid is the one who is striving in the Path of Allah.
A composite of several individually-transmitted definitions the Prophet ﷺ gave, presented together here.